Toni Morrisons Sula - Breaking the Rules :: Sula Essays

Disrupting the Norms in Sula   A people group isolates themselves from others in a given society. Certain people group convey their own different standards or laws. It consolidates various individuals into one gathering, one perspective. Numerous people group meet up in light of the fact that they share a similar shared objective or interests. On may events, a gathering or network structures when somebody is not the same as the lion's share. A genuine case of that would be when  a kid is being prodded in school since he has glasses or supports. Toni morrison's Sula is an anecdote about a lady whose distinction got a little town Ohio together to agree with one another against her. The epic Sula brings up the issue in how individuals or networks meet up. For Sula's situation, her deserting of the town has sent her in a place of being an outsider. Sula's people group sees her cheerful and wild ways disgusting and wrong. A genuine model would be her requirement for some sexual accomplices. Sula beds with a considerable lot of the men in her town, regardless of whether they were hitched or not. It was the main spot where she could discover what she was searching for: hopelessness and a capacity to feel profound distress .Lovemaking seemd to her, from the start, the making of an extraordinary sort of euphoria. (122)  Her people group accepts a decent lady her age ought to be a mother, spouse and server to her family unit. A lady ought to stay at home and be devoted and aware. Sula is was no of those things. From the beginning, she has consistently have been unique, she liked to do whatever it is that she jumps at the chance to do. She left to school , som ething that the vast majority from her town only here and there did. Sula left to seek after a profession and to satisfy her requirement for information. She needed to do everything to consider everything to be encounters as much experience as possible potentially gain while she was as yet youthful. It  was curious to see the town meeting up when Sula showed up once more from school. Out of nowhere individuals in the town began agreeing with one another against Sula. They began seeing Sula as a crackpot, a fallen angel, as one woman depicted her, contrasting Sula with the town pariah named Shadrack. The town began to pay special mind to one another just as they attempt to pay special mind to themselves. Toni Morrison's Sula - Breaking the Rules :: Sula Essays Disrupting the Guidelines in Sula   A people group isolates themselves from others in a given society. Certain people group convey their own different standards or laws. It consolidates various individuals into one gathering, one perspective. Numerous people group meet up on the grounds that they share a similar shared objective or interests. On may events, a gathering or network structures when somebody is unique in relation to the lion's share. A genuine case of that would be when  a kid is being prodded in school since he has glasses or supports. Toni morrison's Sula is a tale about a lady whose uniqueness got a little town Ohio together to agree with one another against her. The tale Sula brings up the issue in how individuals or networks meet up. For Sula's situation, her surrender of the town has sent her in a place of being an outsider. Sula's people group sees her cheerful and wild ways profane and improper. A genuine model would be her requirement for some sexual accomplices. Sula beds with a large number of the men in her town, regardless of whether they were hitched or not. It was the main spot where she could discover what she was searching for: wretchedness and a capacity to feel profound distress .Lovemaking seemd to her, from the outset, the production of a unique sort of euphoria. (122)  Her people group accepts a decent lady her age ought to be a mother, spouse and server to her family unit. A lady ought to stay at home and be obedient and deferential. Sula is was no of those things. From the beginning, she has consistently have been extraordinary, she wanted to do whatever it is that she jumps at the chance to do. She left to scho ol , something that a great many people from her town only occasionally did. Sula left to seek after a profession and to satisfy her requirement for information. She needed to do everything to consider everything to be encounters as much experience as possible perhaps gain while she was as yet youthful. It  was impossible to miss to see the town meeting up when Sula showed up once more from school. Unexpectedly individuals in the town began agreeing with one another against Sula. They began seeing Sula as a crackpot, a fiend, as one woman portrayed her, contrasting Sula with the town pariah named Shadrack. The town began to pay special mind to one another just as they attempt to pay special mind to themselves.

The Orion Shield Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Orion Shield Project - Essay Example This additionally shows how getting selected for an unacceptable position can prompt questions and disarrays both for the worker and for the association in general. From the moral perspective Gary was right on his part however on the off chance that we think about the case from the business perspective, at that point it very well may be said that on specific angles Gary wasn't right. The case centers around various parts of an association and displays the results giving the peruser a food to thought towards discovering ways to better outcomes. In the accompanying segments we will examine about the different perspectives identified with the case. Specialized viewpoint Henry Larsen, the executive of designing at SEC designated one of his most confided in workers, Gary Allison, as the task supervisor for the Orion Shield venture. Before long Gary understood that the structure arranged by their firm couldn't meet the specialized determinations. He educated Larsen that the clients are sea rching for a plan that would work effectively and ordinarily inside - 65 degree F to 145 degree F. He attempted and tried a few different methodologies yet fizzled. At that point he recommended that the clients ought to be educated about this issue. ... He figured it is untrustworthy to hide the reality from the clients which can offer ascent to question and disappointment among the clients later on. Yet, he was reprimanded for this moral idea. Larsen plainly revealed to him that on the off chance that he wished to proceed onward with this venture with a moral perspective then he would have effortlessly chosen some moral supervisor and not Gary. Since he required somebody who can prudently deal with such circumstances without getting morally affected in this manner he picked Gary for this task and he needs Gary to go about according to his guidelines. Likewise Gary expressed in the budgetary report about the advancement of the venture and the expense allotted. He spoke to the real factors honestly. Anyway his undertaking was completely debilitated by Elliot Gray who educated him that his honesty has made a tremendous misfortune the organization as Gray had requested $3, 00,000 extra sums from the base camp by some control so Gary co uld get protected from the unpredictable circumstance. Presently this sum would be confined to just $ 150,000. Legitimate perspective Gary got educated by Larsen that another material JXB3 has end up being reasonable for fulfilling all the determinations referenced in the agreement. This material had been tried for as far back as about fourteen days by Larsen and Paula and now they have reached the resolution that it is the ideal one. Larsen likewise told that all these testing had been finished with the cash paid for the arrangement and it is against the agreement to utilize the sum for some other reason and the disclosure of this reality may prompt dropping of the agreement. Additionally it was illicit on SEC’s part to build up another material and present it inside the

See Criteria Example

See Criteria Example See Criteria â€" Essay Example > Complementary, Alternative and Chinese MedicineAcceptance and IntegrationIntroductionComplementary and alternative medicine (ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE) is now a major part of the healthcare system in all advanced societies. It is also a common part of discourse in medicine and healthcare. This growth of interest has only partially been matched by academic study of it. Indeed, over recent years there has been an increasing recognition that ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE is essentially under-researched (House of Lords 2000). However, with this recognition has come an increasing concentration on a particular form of research-that geared towards the production of an evidence base and/or an immediate relevance to policy and practice. These research priorities are reflected in much of the work that is published on ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. In both standard medical journals and in ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE specific publications the emphasis is squarely on the problems of efficacy and of issues to do with practi ce, most recently integrative practice. Most books written in the field follow this pattern, being either concerned with the demonstrable value of individual therapies (Ernst et al. 2001) or being written as 'how to' guides geared towards practitioners (see, for example, Vickers 1993; Downey 1997; Tanvir 2001). Viewing ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE as a historically contingent and contested social product produces a very complex picture of a diverse field of therapies, products and relationships. Whilst we can note the existence of contestation between orthodox medicine and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, we should not fall back on the conventional picture that presents ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE versus orthodox medicine as the key to understanding ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. Neither orthodox medicine nor ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE is a monolith. There are disputes and boundary claims being made both within orthodox medicine and within ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. Not all medical practitioners agree on what constitutes orth odox medicine and not all ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE practitioners agree on what constitutes the alternative or the complementary (Tovey and Adams 2001). In these disputes ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE can itself be used to assert boundaries within orthodox medicine, and make claims to particular skills or techniques, as, for example, in the case of nursing and therapeutic touch (Trevelyan and Booth 1994). Similarly, within ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE some practitioners seek alliance with orthodox medicine, using orthodox medical courses as part of the training of their therapists (for example chiropractic). The term 'complementary', and more recently the term 'integrative' medicine, are signals of this complex social interaction. Both orthodox medicine and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE are constantly changing social products influenced by each other and by other social forces over which they have little or no control. The direction and pace of change is affected by the history of a particular region or country, so that homeopathy is popular among physicians in the UK, Germany, US and France (Wardwell 1994) and acupuncture among physicians in Australia (Easthope et al. 1998), while hydrotherapy is a major modality in Germany and herbal remedies are used both there and in China (Ullman 1993). Other contingencies such as changing state regulation affect which particular therapies are successful. For example, the Netherlands has recently allowed some modalities to receive limited state recognition and funding (Schepers and Hermans 1999) and the state of Victoria, in Australia, has legislated to register traditional Chinese medical practitioners (Willis and White). Less obviously, changing social structures in some countries or regions may create more middle-class consumers seeking preventive health measures through ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE.

See Criteria Example

See Criteria Example See Criteria â€" Essay Example > Complementary, Alternative and Chinese MedicineAcceptance and IntegrationIntroductionComplementary and alternative medicine (ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE) is now a major part of the healthcare system in all advanced societies. It is also a common part of discourse in medicine and healthcare. This growth of interest has only partially been matched by academic study of it. Indeed, over recent years there has been an increasing recognition that ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE is essentially under-researched (House of Lords 2000). However, with this recognition has come an increasing concentration on a particular form of research-that geared towards the production of an evidence base and/or an immediate relevance to policy and practice. These research priorities are reflected in much of the work that is published on ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. In both standard medical journals and in ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE specific publications the emphasis is squarely on the problems of efficacy and of issues to do with practi ce, most recently integrative practice. Most books written in the field follow this pattern, being either concerned with the demonstrable value of individual therapies (Ernst et al. 2001) or being written as 'how to' guides geared towards practitioners (see, for example, Vickers 1993; Downey 1997; Tanvir 2001). Viewing ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE as a historically contingent and contested social product produces a very complex picture of a diverse field of therapies, products and relationships. Whilst we can note the existence of contestation between orthodox medicine and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE, we should not fall back on the conventional picture that presents ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE versus orthodox medicine as the key to understanding ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. Neither orthodox medicine nor ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE is a monolith. There are disputes and boundary claims being made both within orthodox medicine and within ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE. Not all medical practitioners agree on what constitutes orth odox medicine and not all ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE practitioners agree on what constitutes the alternative or the complementary (Tovey and Adams 2001). In these disputes ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE can itself be used to assert boundaries within orthodox medicine, and make claims to particular skills or techniques, as, for example, in the case of nursing and therapeutic touch (Trevelyan and Booth 1994). Similarly, within ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE some practitioners seek alliance with orthodox medicine, using orthodox medical courses as part of the training of their therapists (for example chiropractic). The term 'complementary', and more recently the term 'integrative' medicine, are signals of this complex social interaction. Both orthodox medicine and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE are constantly changing social products influenced by each other and by other social forces over which they have little or no control. The direction and pace of change is affected by the history of a particular region or country, so that homeopathy is popular among physicians in the UK, Germany, US and France (Wardwell 1994) and acupuncture among physicians in Australia (Easthope et al. 1998), while hydrotherapy is a major modality in Germany and herbal remedies are used both there and in China (Ullman 1993). Other contingencies such as changing state regulation affect which particular therapies are successful. For example, the Netherlands has recently allowed some modalities to receive limited state recognition and funding (Schepers and Hermans 1999) and the state of Victoria, in Australia, has legislated to register traditional Chinese medical practitioners (Willis and White). Less obviously, changing social structures in some countries or regions may create more middle-class consumers seeking preventive health measures through ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE.

Parental Leave At The United States Essay - 1960 Words

III. Parental Leave in the United States The lack of a paid parental leave law in the country does not necessarily mean that it is absent in the U.S. labor market. Some generous and more progressive companies do recognize the importance of the leave to employees and do offer it. According to the Employee Benefits Survey of 2015, 21% of employers nationally offer some paid maternity leave while 17% offer some paid paternity/adoption leave. However, about a fifth don’t have any kind of protected maternity, paternity, or adoptive leave. (Ray, 8; Time, n. pag.) An article online from Time Inc. Network lists some U.S. companies that do offer paid parental leave. Most of these companies use the leave to attract talented employees and most are in the information and/or technology industry. The list include: †¢ Adobe- 26 weeks of paid maternity leave and 16 weeks of paid leave for primary caregivers †¢ Amazon- 20 weeks of paid maternity leave, 2 of which can be taken before the birth of the child, and 6 weeks of paid paternal and adoptive parents leave †¢ Apple- 18 weeks of paid maternity leave, 4 of which can be taken before the birth of the child, and 6 weeks of paid paternal and adoptive parents leave †¢ Facebook- 16 weeks of parental leave (includes maternity, paternity, and adoption), and has a breastfeeding room in the office complex †¢ Google and YouTube- 18 weeks of paid maternity leave, 12 weeks of â€Å"baby-bonding leave† for primary caregivers, and up to 7 weeks for non-primaryShow MoreRelatedNew Fathers Should Have A Paid Parental Leave Law Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesAs was pointed out earlier, 86 percent of fathers said they would take paternity leave if it paid 70% of their income. For a lot men in the Citation survey, the expected income reduction did not dissuade them from taking parental leave to be with their newborn and wife. My own survey showed me that the majority of respondents, and perhaps of the population, is unaware that there is currently no paid parental leave law in the country. This came as a surprise since only one of them did not have kidsRead MoreBenefits Of Implementing The Parental Leave Policy1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States and the United States Army had made several revisions to the paternity/ maternity leave policies. Even with current changes we are not where we need to be. The United States Army currently offers 10 days of paternity leave to Soldiers that are married ¹ and 12 weeks of maternity leave for female Soldiers. ² The Army should convert these two policies into one policy titled parental leave. Some of the benefits of implementing the parental leave policy are mother’s physical and mentalRead MoreOther Challenges That Parental Leave And Birth And Adoption Unemployment Compensation ( Baa Uc )1155 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges that parental leave and â€Å"birth and adoption unemployment compensation (BAA-UC), face are their opponents who think the government would be overstepping their boundaries if the government stepped in and changed parental leave. These opponents say that it would cost too much money to enforce. Others who are against BAA-UC believe that it is the parents’ concerns to provide for the daycare and the duties that come with raising a child of their own. The people also say parental leave â€Å"goes beyondRead MoreShould Parents Leave For Unpaid Leave? Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pageswhy parental leave needs not only be available but why it also needs to be paid. An unpaid leave can be very expensive for most people. Providing only unpaid leave would defeat the purpose of having it in the first place because most would not even use it. In a survey by the Boston College Centre for Work and Family, they found that 86% of men would take paternity leave if it paid at least 70% of their wages. (Citation , n. pag.) On the other hand, women without access to paid maternity leave areRead MoreThe United States Is The Only Industrialized Country Without A Requirement Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, the United States is the only industrialized country without a statute requiring all employers to provide some kind of paid time off for its employees to care for a newborn or a sick loved one. Data gathered from 38 member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) support this claim. Figure 1 shows the member countries and the length of maternity leave provided to all employees. The graph details only the averages. Maternity leave provisions can includeRead MorePaid Paternal Leave And The United States1386 Words   |  6 Pages Paid Paternal Leave and the United States Part One: Problem Statement/Background The women s rights movement in the 1960s made one of the most monumental accomplishments of gaining equal opportunities in the workplace with the Equal Pay Act guaranteeing women â€Å"equal pay for equal work† as their male counterparts. Although this opened doors for women to have the same opportunities in the workforce as men it didn t, however, address the fact that women would most likely work during pregnancy andRead MoreEssay On Gender Inequality1687 Words   |  7 Pagesman and a woman. Though there is not one complete resolution that can fix this issue completely, there are some solutions and changes which can be implemented. Specifically, applying the model and policies similar to that found in Sweden to the United States might lessen the presence of gender inequality found in families and households. Increased Domestic Work Monetization through Tax Breaks To be clear, Sweden like most other developed countries still experience gender inequality at home despiteRead MoreRelationship Between Parents And Parents Spend More Time With Their Children1309 Words   |  6 Pagesdropout rate to the country’s generous parental leave statute. This lower dropout rate, they claimed, is because of parental involvement in the early months of the child’s life, a very crucial stage when fathers connect with their children and form the foundations of future relationship; when mothers get to provide the nourishment that their baby needs through breastfeeding and the emotional connection this practice forms. Again, a properly designed parental leave can encourage mothers to nurse theirRead MoreThe Law Of The United States1314 Words   |  6 Pagesand Medical Leave Act in the case of things like: family emergencies, serious health conditions, and pregnancies. The law requires an employer to allow twelve unpaid work weeks to be taken in a twelve month period every year. The United States Department of Labor states, â€Å"This law covers only certain employers; affects only those employees eligible for the protections of the law; involves entitlement to leave, maintenance of health benefits during leave, and job restoration after leave;. . . † ThisRead MoreTime With Their Children From Birth And Onward Was Supported1632 Words   |  7 Pagessupported immensely by the policies Sweden had in place. Listing the rights all parents had, â€Å"(a) take maternity/paternity leave around the time of delivery, (b) avail of a long period of parental (or childcare) leave during which they receive 77.6 percent of their income for 13 months per child and a flat rate of SEK 180 (USD 23) a day for another 3 months, and (c) take temporary leave for sick children aged 0-12, which provides up to 120 days off per child per year with 77.6 percent of the normal earnings

Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury - 1948 Words

Fahrenheit 451 employs a number of symbolisms to accompany the theme of censorship. Fahrenheit 451 demonstrates the impact of censorship and forced conformity on the Montag and surrounded people, life in a dystopian world where books are completely forbidden. The title itself is a reflection of the temperature at which books are burned on fire. The novel was actually written in the era of McCarthyism. It was a time when many Americans were falsely accused of trying to subvert the United States government. Moreover, it was also a period of the Cold War and a time when televisions emerged as a popular mode of communication. With this effect, Fahreinheit 451 seeks to address the effect of consumerism and reductionism by concentrating on how human creativity and individuality were destroyed by the mass media and advertising industry and also by political ideologies. The Fahrenheit 451 is, however, a work of science fiction that reflects a dystopian era. Bradbury employs distinctive liter ary styles such as symbolism in order to underscore the values of human imagination. He also deploys such literary style in order to portray cultural heritage. Based on the theme of censorship, reading or owning books was considered a taboo and was illegal. Almost every member of the society focused their minds on entertainment and mass media in order to achieve immediate gratification in life. Whenever people came across books, they were burned and the owners of such books were frequentlyShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury719 Words   |  3 PagesThe flash point of paper, or the temperature at which paper will burst in flames, is 451 degrees Fahrenheit. In Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, the main character, Guy Montag, is a â€Å"fireman† in a futuristic society where he and his coworkers start fires, rather than put them out. Books are banned and burned, along with the owner of the book’s house and sometimes even the owner of the book, upon disco very. Technology has taken over in a sense that social interaction between the average personRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1952 Words   |  8 Pagesis clearly displayed in the plight of Ray Bradbury’s novel about a dystopian American society, Fahrenheit 451, which contains many ideas and bits of content that some people believed should be censored. In fact, one of the reasons that this novel was censored for displaying the dangers of censorship, which is both extremely ironic, and telling as to where this society is going. Thanks to several distributors and oversensitive parents and teachers, Fahrenheit 451 has been banned in many schools overRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury954 Words   |  4 Pages In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the author uses allegory (often misinterpreted by readers) to show the dangers of mass media consumption and the decline of reading traditional media. Many readers draw incorrect conclusions (lessons learned) from the book due to how generally the book applies its theme. Government censorship, though an important topic, is not the intended focus of the novel Fahrenheit 451. Finally, Bradbury’s original message of the book shows the beauty of traditional media andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1592 Words   |  7 PagesWhen writing the introduction to Fahrenheit 451, author Neil Gaiman stated that â€Å"ideas--written ideas--are special. They are the way we transmit our stories and our thoughts from one generation to the next. If we lose them, we lose our shared history†. Gaiman is absolutely correct; especially because what he is saying heavily applies to books. Books are a critical aspect in shaping humanity as a whole, they create and share a network of creative ideas, history, and overall entertainment; to loseRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† written by Ray Bradbury, is a futuristic, dystopian novel based upon a societ y secluded by technology and ignorance. In this future society, books are outlawed and firemen are presented with the task of burning books that are found in people’s homes. Montag, a fireman, finds himself intrigued with the books, and begins to take them home and read them. As the story progresses, Montag learns the truth behind why books are outlawed and flees his city to join the last remnants of age-oldRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury847 Words   |  4 PagesSet Knowledge On Fire The book Fahrenheit 451 is a postmodern work by Ray Bradbury first published in 1951. In Bradbury’s story, all books are illegal and are subject to be burned by firemen. Furthermore, the two predominant themes of Fahrenheit 451 are censorship and ignorance. The censorship implemented over the years removes all information from society that is necessary to learn, which accomplishes to prevent people from questioning anything. The ignorance of society has been fostered and theRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1661 Words   |  7 Pages1.) In the novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montag’s view on life reverses. Two characters the influence the main character Guy Montag are the old lady whose house and books were burnt down and Mildred. The old lady was caught preserving books in her home. Firemen including Montag were ordered to burn the books. The old lady refused to leave her books, so she too was burned. She bravely gave an allusion as her last words, â€Å"Play the man,’ she said, ‘Master Ridley.’ Something, somethingRead MoreFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury818 Words   |  4 PagesFAHRENHEIT 451 BY RAY BRADBURY Important People in Montag’s Life In Partical Fulfillment Of English 2 Ms Irina Abramov By Helen Hernandez November 9, 2012 â€Å"There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them† -Ray Bradbury. In the past there were events that affected book writers. People will get together to burn books because they thought it was inappropriate or they were against their literature. Montag is a fireman in a futuristic society who would startRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury863 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, Fahrenheit 451 was written by Ray Bradbury and it took place in the dystopian future. Throughout each novel, we are able to see a major theme, which is censorship. In this essay, I will explain how this theme are explored in the story by using the literary devices. To begin with, in this novel, censorship is not given a straight description, but we can see how the author shows it through many literary elements, such as using the setting, tone and symbolisms even foreshadowing. This novelRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1544 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury, the author of Fahrenheit 451, expresses his perspective on life in an interview. His interview contains a common theme: Do what you love, and love what you do (Bradbury). Bradbury sends a message in his interview that people should love life, and live to the fullest because he believes life is a beautiful thing. Although Bradbury no longer can demonstrate his love for life his message still lives in the pages of Fahrenheit 451. The Government of the society in the novel has told their

Drinking Age A Good Idea - 899 Words

Drinking Age Who could possibly think it’s smart to lower the national minimum age requirement to buy and consume alcohol? Richard Marron, State Representative of Vermont, thinks it’s a good idea. Ruth C. Engs, Professor of Applied Health Sciences at Indiana University, thinks it’s a good idea. Dwight B. Heath, Professor of Anthropology at Brown University, thinks it’s a good idea. I think it’s a good idea. Wouldn’t lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) result in more cases of drunk driving? Overall, no. The number of DUIs among people between the ages of 18-20 would most likely increase, but this increase would be offset by a decrease in DUIs among people between the ages of 21-24. In a study published in Southern Economic†¦show more content†¦How many videos have you seen online of a college student, completely wasted, doing something incredibly stupid? If this person had started drinking at a younger age, in an appropriat e setting, and in the presence of responsible adults, this would happen much less frequently. Unfortunately, it isn’t possible to learn to drink in a safe place when under 21 because you have to drink in a secluded area to avoid being caught. It isn’t possible to drink in the presence of responsible adults because these are the same people trained to not allow you to drink. Instead, young adults either binge drink with their friends at an unsafe location away from supervision, or they wait until they get to college where there aren’t any parents around and drink too much too fast due to a lack of experience. Currently, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act prevents states from lowering their MLDA below 21 by threatening to cut 10% of federal highway funding if they do so. This needs to change. With the correct legislation, the state would not only maintain funding, but would actually gain money. With a lower MLDA, more people would be able buy alcohol at liquor stores and drink alcohol in restaurants, bars, and other licensed establishments. Revenue for these businesses would increase, resulting in more tax money for the federal and state government. Teenagers get a rush from breaking the law. It’s a fact.Show MoreRelatedWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. For example, the people who disagree and are against lowering the drinking age to 18 believe we should not lower the drinking age because 18 year old individuals are not responsible enough to drink alcohol. While, the people who agree we should lower the drinking ageRead MoreEssay on Underage Drinking in Australia642 Words   |  3 PagesOver time, it has become a regular thing for citizens of Australian to drink excessive amounts alcohol; Australians of many different ages drink alcohol for a wide range of reasons; whether alcohol is being consumed due to a special occasion, for stress relief, or as an (not so good) anti-depressant. Alcohol, believe it or not makes a huge impact on Australians as young as 14. Statistics show that at least 90% of teenagers 14 years old and up have trie d alcohol at least once, and estimates also showRead MoreEssay on Lowering Drinking Age778 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we should lower that age to eight teen. A group of 129 college presidents are actually asking that there at least be a discussion to the argument (Lewis et al, 2008). They think that it would stop all the underage drinking at colleges and would teach kids at an early age how to handle alcohol (Lewis et al, 2008). In my option lowering it would not help all the problems we have with alcohol. I feel that it would just cause more alcohol abuse, but there is some good to lowering it. As kids startRead MoreDrinking Age Should Be Lowered937 Words   |  4 PagesDrinking Age should be lowered from twenty one to eighteen There is no taboo subject in America quote like underage drinking. The principal problem is not the age of drinking, but the hidden binge side of it. When it comes to the law, there is always an opinion. A reform should be made about the age of drinking for numerous reasons in my personal viewpoint. In the U.S, at the age of eighteen, one can legally vote, buy cigarettes, and join the army, to cite a few things. Going against the law, criticsRead MoreDrinking at 18 Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking at 18 If you look around at college parties it seems as if everyone is drinking. Actually you are probably right, but over half of those people drinking are also under the legal drinking age. Drinking is one of the main forms of entertainment for the typical college student. The only problem with drinking being the main form of entertainment is that half of the students in college or 20 years or younger. This seems to be a problem all over theRead MoreDrinking Age1395 Words   |  6 Pagesoccur that debates whether one thing or another is good or bad, helpful or hurtful. Some debates are simple with no major side effects such as would drinking gatorade or water better maximize the performance of athletes. Other debates involving drinking are not as simple, these debates involve alcohol drinking age. Both arguments can have different viewpoints, the difference is the significance in the argument. What should the legal drinking age in the United States be? Consuming alcohol hasRead MoreEssay about A Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem759 Words   |  4 PagesA Better Solution to the Underage Drinking Problem Recently, the issue of underage drinking has become a major problem for our society. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2009), about 10.4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 have drank more than â€Å"just a few sips† of alcohol. Moreover, 5,000 people under the age of 21 die each year in alcohol-related deaths including car crashes, homicides, and other injuries such as falls (NIAAA, 2009). When adolescentsRead MoreShould The Drinking Age Be Lowered?995 Words   |  4 Pageslegal drinking age be lowered to age 18? Recently people have been debating whether If the drinking age should be lowered to 18. Some people think 18 is a better age but others think it’s outrageous to lower the drinking age to 18. After much reading and observing, I myself think the drinking age should be kept at 21 years old,because young adults who drink while they re underage make poor decisions and majority of the young adults are in college lacking in classes. The legal drinking age shouldRead More Club Owners Must Not Allow Underage Drinking969 Words   |  4 PagesProhibiting nightclubs from admitting people under age twenty-one will take some weight off of parents, club owners, drivers and innocent bystanders. With the economy sinking, many owners are making what they believe a wise financial decision by allowing eighteen to twenty year olds in their clubs. They are mixing eighteen to twenty in with the twenty-one and up crowd, as failing clubs owners only see more people more money. Every night thousands of young adults eighteen to twenty years old are letRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Drinking Alcohol1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthe consumption of alcohol but it can be said that drinking alcohol has both positive and negative effects. Controversy may arise between opposing sides that those below the age of twenty-one are not responsible enough to drink however are allowed a driving license or a driver’s permit. In the United States of America, society and lawmakers focus more on the negative impacts of alcohol consumption especially when it comes to who we allow drinking, and do not consider that teenagers are able to think

Degree Portfolio Resource ICT Professionals

Questions: Week 3: Create a Word document called 'Critical Thinking' and describing why you need to be a critical thinker. Explain why it is important for ICT professionals to be critical thinkers. Note that you should include your definition of the term critical thinking. You need to provide at least four (4) relevant unique points in your discussion. Upload the document to Moodle. Week 5: Conduct a Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis of your presentation skills. An example can be found on page 13 of the prescribed textbook. The SWOT analysis should be presented in a square with four (4) quadrants. In addition to the SWOT analysis, you also need to identify two areas of improvement for your presentation skills and outline some strategies you could use to enhance those areas. Use no less than 350 words and no more than 450 words for the entire task. Week 7: Some people love Social Networking through technology (Facebook and Twitter) whilst others loathe it. Write reflectively about your experience with the use of a Social networking technology such as Facebook or Twitter. You will need to provide a brief description of the experience and then write three paragraphs of reflective writing where you analyse the experience, what you have learnt from the experience and how you would handle it differently in the future. Your reflective writing should cover the three key points on reflective writing (see below). If you do not use Social networking technologies, you should write a reflection on why you do NOT use Social networking technologies. Call your MS Word document Reflective Writing and upload that file to Moodle. Week 11: In week 9 you learnt about how to develop a personal ethical framework and last week you learnt about work and cultural issues. Understanding who you are and how you relate to others in both your personal and work life can make you aware of the values that are important to you as well as the values that you may need to work on to improve. Create a document called Personal Ethical Framework in MS Word and how to build a reputation as a good ICT professional and how to work with others from diverse backgrounds. This document should include statements about your work ethic, values that are important to you and how you relate to and communicate with others around you. As you are training to be an ICT professional you should refer to the ACS Code of Ethics and/or ACS Code of Professional Conduct when writing this personal ethical framework. In addition, your response should contain your views on working with diversity in the workplace and how to be sensitive to the people who have been br ought up in cultures different to your own. Upload the Personal Ethical Framework document to Moodle. Week 12: Create a document called Successful Completion and write a reflective analysis that demonstrates you have satisfied all eight(8) course learning outcomes that are listed in the course profile for COIT20233 Professional Skills for ICT (they are listed below). In no more than two (2) A4 pages justify how the work you have completed this term has satisfied all eight (8) course learning outcomes. Please note it is important that you Justify that you have satisfied the course objectives do Not just summarise the course content and/or assessment items. Write two things you liked about this course and provide the reason or reasons you liked them. Also describe two suggested improvements to the course and justify why they would improve the course. Upload the Successful Completion document to Moodle. Anwers: Week 3: Critical Thinking and Its Importance for ICT professionals Academicians and research scholars have defined critical thinking as a special way of thinking which influences the individual to make rational decisions with the aid of lucid, reasonable and logical statements. In simple terms, critical thinking can be defined as the potential of an individual to think rationally by engagement of independent as well as reflective though procedure (Fowler, 2012). Critical thinking significantly emphasizes on understanding the logical relationship between different concepts and ideas. Restructuring the procedure of thinking is undertaken by individuals through development of critical arguments which ultimately leads to the achievement of rational and self directed as well as self monitored thinking process. In order to become an effective critical thinker, an individual must have the capability for interpreting and verifying the ideas in reasoned and logical well. Academic research studies have provided ample evidence for immense importance of critica l thinking in the present world. According to Hill and Shaw (2011), it is very important to improve the critical thinking of an individual. The principal reasons behind improving the critical thinking skills are given below: It has been observed that the critical thinking ability helps in enhancing the presentation and language skills. When an individual starts to think in logical way, it assists the person to express his ideas more clearly. Studies have demonstrated that critical thinking helps in promoting creativity as it enabled the individual to consider all perspectives and therefore provided rational solution to the problem. It is evident that critical thinking assists in facilitating self reflection which helps in justification of the personal decisions of the individuals. According to Fumoto (2012), use of information and communication technology such as social media, online education portals etc can be secured with the aid of critical thinking. According a study, International Computer and Information Literacy Study (ICILS) has helped in revealing that only 2% of the students have been using critical thinking in the essential ICT skill. In the following fields of ICT, individuals need to apply the critical thinking skills Individuals can apply critical thinking skill for encouraging the children to find a connection between their experiences. The ICT professionals have an opportunity for using different educational software in a creative way for extending the learning of child beyond the traditional practices. In order to implement it, individuals require high level of critical thinking skill. In order to implement the latest innovations of information and communication technology, the ICT professionals need to apply the logical thinking. Logical analysis and critical thinking ability are essential for the ICT professionals as well as users for conduction online information search an effective manner (Hatva, 2013). Reference Fowler, J. (2012). Professional skills. Part 4: helping staff to be positive. Dental Nursing, 8(1), pp.42-44. Fumoto, H. (2012). Young children's creative thinking. Los Angeles: SAGE. Hatva, E. (2013). Polishing Soft Skills for The Future HTM Professional. Biomedical Instrumentation Technology, 47(2), pp.147-151. Hill, A. and Shaw, I. (2011). Social Work and ICT. London: SAGE Publications. Week 5: SWOT Analysis of My Presentation Skill SWOT analysis is the acronym for strength, weakness, opportunities and threat. One can become successful in life if he utilizes his talents and improve the shortcomings to the fullest extent. Hence, it is very important to identify the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat of a person. In this paper, SWOT analysis of my presentation skill will be conducted so that the identified can be capitalized and opportunities can be availed (Maryska, 2012). Additionally, I will be able to work on my weak areas to improve those. The table of SWOT analysis is presented below: Additional Areas of Improvement: In the above section, SWOT analysis has already identified the strength, weakness, opportunity and threat of my presentation skill. Additionally, I have identified two additional areas which need to be improved for enhancing my presentation skill. First of all, lack of motivation and indecisiveness regarding what to include in the presentation. Additionally, lack of creativity makes the visual presentation dull which fails to attract and engaged the audience (Kniveton, 2012). Strategy for Improving Presentation Skill Regular practice and self assessment is required for improving my presentation skill. Reducing my pace of speaking and increasing voice modulation will help in retaining the attention of audience (Papadopoulos, 2013). Maintaining proper gesture throughout the presentation is important for me. I need to include interesting visuals such as relevant videos, graph, charts and pictures for engaging the audience during presentation (Jacobs, 2009). Reference Jacobs, D. (2009). Review of Communication skills for the health care professional. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(2), pp.191-192. Kniveton, M. (2012). Supporting physical skills through ICT. Practical Pre-School, 1(135), pp.12-13. Llorens-Garcia, A., Llinas-Audet, X. and Sabate, F. (2009). Professional and Interpersonal Skills for ICT Specialists. IT Prof., 11(6), pp.23-30. Maryska, M. (2012). ICT Speicalist Skills and Knowledge - Business Requirements and Education. ERIES Journal, 5(3), pp.157-172. Moulic, M. (2012). Developing Effective Listening Skills to Enhance Professional Efficiency. iamure.ijbm, 3(1). Papadopoulos, T. (2013). EVALUATION OF AN ICT SKILLS PROGRAM: ENHANCING GRADUATE CAPABILITIES AND EMPLOYABILITY. ijecs, 4(1), pp.93-102. Week 7: Reflective Writing According to Miller and Briscoe (2012), increasing use of the social media technology such as Twitter and Face book has significantly influenced the personal life of human beings. It is evident the social media applications provides ample opportunity to the individuals for spending time by connecting with other people, tweeting and expressing their personal opinions, going through others perspective, sharing personal images and video with others, playing games and sometimes making new friends online. It has been observed that social media significantly contributes in the enhancing social network and provides and exposure to the individuals to a large group of people belong to different geographic region and culture. However, it is true that sometimes, the social network over expose personal life of individuals. I have been using Face book for the past few years and I have gained several experiences. I have been enjoying communicating online with the distant relatives and friends. Face book has provided a platform to share their recent activities and photographs with my close associates. I like to enhance my social communication through Face book as I found it convenient. I have been sharing my opinion regarding various ongoing issues and receive comments which express the perspective of other people. I apply my critical thinking ability to analyze those arguments and develop my own stand point regarding that topic. Later, I started to experience some negative aspects of Face Book. Increasing engagement in Face Book has significantly affected my personal life. The addition was too high that I used to start using Face book for dragging unnecessary conversation with people without any significant reason. It increased the noise in the communication structure and wasted my precious time. I found that Face book has become a compulsion in my life and I started to post impulsively for sharing each and every little incidents and activities of my life. It leaded to lose my individuality and I wanted to have instant gratification (Seri and Zanfei, 2013). For example, I used to get depress if I get less likes than my friend. Therefore, I decided to reduce the usage of Face book. Initially, it was tough for me to get out of the addiction. However, I have been able to successfully manage the controlled usage of Face book. Presently, I use face book for maintaining my social communication. It helps me to maintain a healthy connection with my friends, relatives and acquaintances. Additionally, I have reduced interaction with my online friends who are stranger. I have been using Face book in my leisure and hardly share any personal things such as personal emotions, pictures and stories on Face book (Pinkowska and Lent, 2011). Refernce Miller, A. and Briscoe, M. (2012). Results of a Preliminary Survey on Graduate Training in Professional Skills. oceanog, 25(4), pp.6-8. Pinkowska, M. and Lent, B. (2011). Evaluation of Scientific and Practice Approaches to Soft Skills Requirements in the ICT Project Management. IBIMA Business Review Journal, pp.1-12. Seri, P. and Zanfei, A. (2013). The co-evolution of ICT, skills and organization in public administrations: Evidence from new European country-level data. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, pp.160-176. Week 11: Personal Ethical Framework The Australian Computer Society has developed a code of ethics for the ICT professionals. The ICT professionals need to abide by the ethical codes listed below: Primary Public Interest It must be noted that the ICT professionals must place the interest of the public above the interest of an individual or the business organization. According to Cox (2012), it is the major reasonability of the ICT professionals to put significant effort in order to recognize the stakeholders group who will be significantly impacted by the activities of the ICT professionals. Hence, they need to protect the interest of the stakeholders for maintaining the security, utility as well as integrity of the information and communication system (Seri and Zanfei, 2013). Hence, it is important to consider the safety and interest of the stakeholders while delivering the service to its clients. Enhancement of the Quality of Life The ICT professionals need to play a major role in enhancing the quality of life of its customers by utilizing the skills of ICT professionals. The utilization of the critical thinking ability of the ICT professionals has significantly helped the community and the customers to improve the quality of life. For example, it has been observed that the ICT professionals have developed a tool, Braille, which significantly contributed in the education of the visually handicapped people (www.acs.org.au , 2015). Maintenance of Honesty ACS code has significantly emphasized on the role of ICT professionals in maintaining integrity and honesty in the workplace. It has focused on the fact that delivery of product and service is an integrated part of the ICT professional ethics. ICT professionals are advised to reject bribes and encouraged to not to participate in activities of misleading the customers. Additionally, the ICT professionals are advised to maintain honest reputation and draw a distinct line between professional and personal life. Demonstration of Work Competence The services offered by the ICT professionals must demonstrate high level of diligence to the work and the stakeholders. The competence of the ICT professionals must be expressed through their activities (Trajkovik and Mishev, 2014). Hence, the ICT professionals must choose to work in those areas in which they are confident and competent. Thus, it will also help in influencing the quality of performance in a positive manner. Maintaining Respect for Other People According to the code of ACS, it has been additionally found that the legislation for supporting equivalent appreciation or mutual respect along with the integrity of the working environment for each employee within the organization without any discrimination must be promoted (Vaghari and Shuib, 2013). According to the code of professional ethics and behavior it has been found that the ICT experts ought to be treated with respect as well as digni and ought to stay away from any type of provocation and dishonest conduct. The work environment will be comprised of representatives with different social and cultural background. Henceforth it can be stated that this code ensures the rights and the ethical values of the workers belonging to diverse community. The code endeavors to restrict discrimination in the workplace guarantee that opportunities for job, growth prospects, compensation and other working conditions are based on the skills and competencies of the employees instead of any c ultural biasness. Reference: Cox, D. (2012). Creative thinking for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Trajkovik, V. and Mishev, A. (2014). ICT innovations 2013. Cham: Springer. Seri, P. and Zanfei, A. (2013). The co-evolution of ICT, skills and organization in public administrations: Evidence from new European country-level data. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 27, pp.160-176. Vaghari, S. and Shuib, M. (2013). A Target Needs Analysis of the Written Communication Skills for Students of Writing for Professional Purposes Course. Jurnal Teknologi, 65(2). www.acs.org.au (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/7835/Code-of-Ethics.pdf [Accessed 28 Jan. 2015]. Week 12: Successful Completion This course module has significantly helped me in achieving the principle learning outcomes through implementation of the entire course work of the project. First of all, I need state that I have enjoyed completing the module thoroughly and it has been an enriching experience. This module has significantly contributed in understanding the basic ideas as well as the principles of effective interpersonal communication along with active listening and reading for meaning. Additionally, I am exposed to the importance of active listening, reading and effective interpersonal communication for ICT professionals. This module as given me an opportunity to demonstrate my ability and skills associated with team work. Team work skills are essential for becoming a successful ICT professional. Hence, I feel that was very pertinent for nurturing my professional skills. This module has enabled me express my ideas in an effective manner by use of both verbal and written communication. I have learnt to use appropriate words and methods for communicating effectively. Thus, my written and verbal communication skills have improved. I have learnt why critical thinking is important for the ICT professionals through analyzing relevant literatures. I get an exposure to the idea of critical thinking and application of it in the real life context. In this module I was given an opportunity to conduct a SWOT analysis of my presentation skill. Presentation skill is an important quality of an ICT professional. SWOT analysis helped in identification of my strength, weakness, opportunities and threat of my presentation skill. Undertaking a SWOT analysis has been found to be very effective as got to know about my weaknesses and threats. Additionally, I got an idea regarding the opportunities which can be utilized for enhancing my presentation skill. Moreover, strateg ies were developed for improving my presentation skill. This module has provided clear idea regarding the ACS code for the ICT professionals. It helped me in understanding the importance of ethical code for directing the ICT practice and behavior of professionals. The ACS code has significant contribution in maintain integrity of the service along with enhancing the quality of life. I was exposed to the responsibility of the ICT professionals to identification of the stakeholders and consideration of the public interest. This paper has provided an idea regarding the common work practice along with the professional values operating in the workplace of Australia. This module has significantly helped in assessing how information and communication technology can be used for improving the organizational procedures. I have learnt the major applications of ICT innovations and how those can change the organizational procedures. This module has provided an opportunity to express my idea regarding the application of emerging technologies in communication. I have discussed my personal experience of using social media. I reflected regarding my personal experience of using Face book. I evaluated the positive as well as negative aspect of social media by taking Face book as an example. I have learnt a lot form this module and I suggest that this module can include some assignments for discussing the application of ICT software in different industries.

Industrial/Organizational Psychology JCs Casino

Table of Contents Motivational Theories Reinforcement Theory Expectancy Theory Occupational Stressors Role of Job Satisfaction Counterproductive Employee Behavior References Motivational Theories Theories of motivation identify why persons pursue to work hard, and also expound on work-related behavior that is not linked to work performance. However, many theories address performance due to motivation and not employee’s capability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial/Organizational Psychology: JC’s Casino specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation encompasses the explanation for an individual’s engagement in certain actions. These actions are driven by direction or choice, intensity or input effort and persistence or continuity. Else, motivation is driven by desire to attain a certain goal and result from an individual’s wants. Work motivation theories emphasize on the reaso ns why individuals behave in the manner they do and not on their potential. In the JC’s casino, employees have the potential but face restrictions of their performance since motivation is minimal (Spector, 2003). Reinforcement Theory This theory points out that certain behavior emanates from rewards. It identifies motivation as a product of environmental influences and not from internal motives. It recognizes the cognitive processes of a person and explains the reasons why rewards results to a given behavior. The theory adapts a situational stance on behavior as a function of individual‘s reinforcement history. Accordingly, work related behaviors, which are rewarded, have a likelihood of recurring in future. The theory ignores internal aspects such as motivation and explains that reinforcement history triggers certain behaviors, whose probability goes up when tagged along rewards as explained by the law effect. Conversely, when punishment is administered along with a pa rticular behavior, its recurrence declines (Spector, 2003). Occurrence of behavior is dependent on the rewards and therefore, work related performance increases if there is a reward. Reward could take any form, either tangible and intangible e.g. finances and praise respectively. It could be a by-product of certain work aspects where good performance could offer a feeling of accomplishment or from the industry which offers a bonus for good work. These two aspects reinforce and result to recurrence of good performance. In an organization, rewards could take a form of incentives like sales commission (Spector, 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The incentive system is dependent on individual efforts. In JC’s Casino for instance, rewarding the attendant who facilitate efficiently the guests’ admission on time, by relating the number of guest admitted and the t ime taken would enhance performance. From research, the reward system gives an average performance of sixteen percent but when it takes the form of money, performance increases to twenty three percent (Spector, 2003). The reward system is absent in JC’s Casino and therefore, there lacks a reinforcement history, which results to poor job performance. The principles of the theory could enhance job performance in JC’s casino when applied. For instance, it could curb the rising rates of absenteeism by encouraging attendance through stipulating each worker’s criterion of attendance within a given time span. If there are no absenteeism records within a month, the employer is rewarded. Additionally, a control program can also be put in place where employees present at work every day take a card from a standard deck. When the week end, those with a perfect attendance should possess a certain card and win a prize. The system has been noted to reduce the rate of absenteei sm by eighteen percent (Spector, 2003). The theory however, has been sidelined since it does not relate behavior reinforcement to motivation. It has been ethically questioned since workers should work voluntarily, without eyeing the rewards. In addition, it has been termed as unethical to use manipulation by offering rewards in order to achieve good performance (Spector, 2003). Expectancy Theory Expectancy theory gives an explanation why reward is principal to manifest particular behaviors. It argues that individuals will attain a good performance on believing that their efforts will result to performance, when performance would come with a reward and when they desire the reward.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial/Organizational Psychology: JC’s Casino specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similar to reinforcement theory, expectancy theory tries to relate environmental rewards and behavioral aspects in individuals. However, the theory’s main aim is to determine the cognitive processes, which give an explanation of rewards to result to a particular behavior (Spector, 2003). Expectancy theory elaborates on reinforcement theory since it gives an explanation why behaviors occur. It states that motivation is the prime aspect to achieve the changes since workers become motivated when a reward system is in place and therefore perform well. Having to work extra hours may be accompanied by extra pay. So an employee may be motivated by the extra money he or she is earning and this expectancy could motivate one to perform well. The theory can also give a prediction to an individual‘s choice (Spector, 2003). Consequently, the above normal rate of absenteeism and high turnover of rooms for housekeeping staff in the JC’s Casino could be addressed by putting a reward system as stated by the reinforcement theory. Therefore, employees would be motivated to work extra harder in order to achieve these rewards put in place by the organization. Besides, the fulltime employees who clean the rooms severally should be rewarded in order to be motivated to do so. In any case, when the JC Casino stipulates a reward system, there will be no absenteeism and therefore, the full time employees will not engage in housekeeping work or even the hotel adjusting check-in time from three to six in the evening. This has called for a luggage room to accommodate the luggage for early visitors in the hotel and a need to hire staff to man the room, which would not be necessary if every staff performed their tasks effectively. Occupational Stressors One of the occupational stressors at JC’s Casino is identified as having the full time employees engage in house-keeping work. This is too demanding for these employees and may lead to an overload. Besides, the JC’s Casino has an unbearable boss who lacks the welfare of the employees at heart.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The employees therefore, are psychologically prompted to change career and avoid interacting with such an employer. This is also affecting the ability to hire new employees thereby, causing a staff shortage in the organization. This results to a workload on the already present employees in the organization while their pay remains similar to other casinos while the working conditions remain unfavorable. Workload may therefore, become an occupational stressor in JC’s Casino. In addition, a healthy organization change is paramount in JC’s casino although it is a decision that lies on the hands of the top managers. This should consider employees’ health as well as their satisfaction by improving the working condition and reducing excessive job demands. Besides, the manager should evaluate his coping habits with his staff and improve on them by facilitating communication as well as interacting freely with the employees. Occupational stressors result to absenteeism, i nadequate productivity and health impacts, which affects the overall performance of the organization. The JC’s Casino could modify its working environments by enhancing the level of skills through training, employees freely airing their views as well as improvement of the organization’s career ladder (Hardy et al., 1998). Role of Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is crucial to enhance productivity as well as individual efficiency since an employee has inner motivation. Such employees enhance positive working environment and creates harmonious working relationship for other employees to work effectively. These employees have the zeal, motivation and enthusiasm to perform for their welfare and that of the organization as a whole (Landy Conte, 2009). Employees’ turnover at JC’s Casino is high and this creates an additional expenditure to recruit and train new staff. Therefore, job satisfaction is minimal at JC’s casino since the organization lack pro fessionalism because the staffs in higher ranks are forced to take tasks of house-keeping such as cleaning, which is a position for subordinate workers. There is no joy and excitement to work at JC’s Casino as a result of the harsh working environment created by an unbearable boss and absence of staff. Although the housekeeping director, Andrew Keehn is pursuing on the addition of extra staff, he states that it is difficult to find good help since no one is willing to volunteer to work at the casino. This is because the hourly wage for JC’s casino is similar to other casinos in the region but due to the staff shortage, there is extra work of cleaning extra rooms unlike the other staff from other casinos. The nature of work is tiring and this does not facilitate a healthy mind, essential to attain maximum productivity from the employees. The nature of work affect hiring and retention of employees since they find the working conditions at JC’s casino as being inco mparable to the pay they earn hence opts for a job change. The casino owner is not even aware of the issue since he is detached from his employees, whom they cannot interact freely. Thus, the management style is questionable and affects the employees’ empowerment. Therefore, an open line of communication, encouraging employee autonomy and enhancing their participation are essential aspects for the casino to run smoothly and attain maximum productivity. It is clear that the superior-subordinate relationship has failed in JC’s Casino since the manager is termed as ‘toxic’. This signifies that his interpersonal relationship is ineffective and therefore, the employees are not happy to work in the casino since their motivation is minimal. The manager should cultivate friendliness and pursue open communication with the employees. Counterproductive Employee Behavior This is an employee behavior, which is against an organization’s goals. They could be inten tional or not and emanate from underlying aspects of motivation. They are manifested from inadequate job performance, high staff turnover and high rate of absenteeism as in JC’s casino. The employees’ withdrawal may manifest as absenteeism or lateness and this affect the productivity of the company. The employees’ withdrawal is meant to evade tasks or a show of retaliation against unfavorable working conditions. Absenteeism relate to lack of satisfaction and personal commitment, which could be due to fatigue and work-related stress. In JC’s casino, this might be linked to poor performance, absence of reward scheme and poor working conditions. The problem could also be on recruitment of new staff whose cognitive ability or agreeability is minimal. Therefore, integrity screening is essential to eliminate employees with counterproductive behavior by testing their integrity and cognitive process (Jex Britt, 2008). All the same, situational factors during the organization’s activities such as absence of rewards, constraining tasks, illegitimate work and injustice within the organization may prompt counterproductive behavior as manifest in JC’s casino. Therefore, to curb this, organizational justice should be improved through ensuring clear communication and feedback mechanism, encouraging employee’s involvement as well as supervisory training. JC’s casino should be attentive to determine interpersonal conflicts for employees and tend to them immediately. Since this behavior declines workplace productivity, it must be dealt with at whichever cost through monitoring employees’ progress. The casino could also draft innovative policies, which engages all employees. The manager should assertively combat counterproductivity by keeping in touch with the employees and monitoring their progress. References Hardy, S., Carson, J. Thomas, B. (1998). Occupational Stress: Personal and Professional Approaches. Chelt enham: Nelson Thornes. Jex, M. S Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Landy, F. J. Conte, M. J. (2009). Work in the 21st Century: an Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology.Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Spector, P. E. (2003). Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. This essay on Industrial/Organizational Psychology: JC’s Casino was written and submitted by user Frederick Marquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Epictetus and His Handbook †Philosophy Essay

Epictetus and His Handbook – Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers Epictetus and His Handbook Philosophy (200 Level Course) While it would be a pretty fair personal assessment to say that philosophy is not the field of study that demands my interest, nor is it the field that I would enjoy devoting a considerable amount of time to, I was quite surprised when undertaking Epictetus’ handbook. Written as an introductory work in stoic philosophy and also written as a guide as to how to live one’s life, it comes across as much less boorish than other pieces of philosophical literature that I have read and although it was written some two thousand years ago it still applies to practical everyday events. Epictetus delves into such things as how to handle relationships with loved ones, how to build character, how to deal with hardships as well as happiness and simply the best way to live one’s life and be able to be free and at peace. I personally found his twenty-first point to be quite intriguing. In it he states, Let death and exile and everything that is terrible appear before your eyes every day, especially death; and you will never have anything contemptible in your thoughts or crave anything excessively. This is a fascinating outlook on life and the experiences that one can surround themselves with and its effect on the person that they become. So as I would agree with this statement affectionately, I feel that very few people today live by this standard. And while it is unfair to judge today to the past simply because it is impossible to ever know if people followed this philosophy throughout time, we can see that today this is not a reality. Perhaps some people do see death and other terrible things and still want things that would be thought to be excessive. Others still may have not been subjected to these evils of the world and if they are or when they do they will be grateful for all that they have. Many people probably do follow this moral code and do not want things that are not essential to their survival and they do so because they know that they have been blessed with good in their lives. I personally know that I am guilty at times of contemptible thoughts and craving things in excess. And while I have not seen all of the bad that the world holds I have been subjected to some of it, including death and tragedy. Yet still I let those memories slip my mind at times and I long for things that I know I do not need. Maybe that is just human nature or the result of the world that we live in, a world in which more is good and there is a constant surge of new things and improved versions of things that we have and most likely did not need in the first place. Regardless of the reasons for the way that our society and culture behave, Epictetus was merely witness to the same types of behavior in his time and was able to predict its continuance in the future of all society. So then we ask the question, will things ever change? Will people stop one day, reflect on all that they have and realize that they are the fortunate ones and never long for more? Most likely not, but it would be an interesting question to ponder, and it seems that if in fact that was the case, this world that we call home would be changed, and changed for the better at that. Greed has been the cause of war, poverty, starvation, and others man made disasters. And greed does not have to be limited to money or merely material possessions. The need for power has been one of the most abused actions in the past century throughout the world. A world without greed could be a very beautiful thing, but I fear that I will never live to witness that, nor will any of my offspring, or their offspring. For that would be asking an awful lot out of people that have been doing the same things for thousands of thousands of years. Still I would bet that Epictetus would have loved to see it happ en and for the matter, so would I. Research Papers on Epictetus and His Handbook - Philosophy EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized TestingTwilight of the UAWThe Spring and Autumn

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 28

Strategic Management - Essay Example In future, Intel needs to acquire the knowhow of building similar chips. The brand awareness of the firm is high in the industry; and with such strategic changes, Intel would be able to rule out competition of ARM Holdings. The case study examines the strategic management operations of Intel. From 2012 to 2013, the industry has experienced an excellent rate of turnover, which is as high as 4.8%. This industry is dominated by certain giant corporations like, Intel, Samsung and Broadcom. This examination will be done by studying the business environment where the company operates, along with its current business strategies on basis of the case study. Finally, the report will analyze ways through which Intel would be able to sustain competitive advantage in the industry as it has been noticed that companies like, ARM Holdings, are encroaching on large proportion of assured market demand of Intel. The forecasts regarding business of the semiconductor industry are made by the World Semiconductors Trade Statistics Organization (WSTS). Hence the firms in the industry are highly conscious about the reports published by this agency, as it influences their brand images in the market. The royalties and licenses of new technological developments are provided to the firms of semiconductor industry in each nation by public governing authorities. Hence the firm’s operational freedoms are highly manipulated and controlled by the public authorities. The companies within the industry experience high degree of competition among them. Perhaps this is the reason for which the firms like Intel and ARM are found to invest large amount of money for product and process development procedures in business. The degree of communicational integration has enhanced with rise in use of internet. This has spurred demand for technological smart gadgets

Future Goals and Reasons for Choosing the DNP Program Essay

Future Goals and Reasons for Choosing the DNP Program - Essay Example I would like to contribute in improvement of this situation. I also believe that the doctorate will put me at an advantage economically, more so because it will increase the enumeration which I will receive. I also believe that there will be high chances of obtaining scholarships in this program to enable me become a professor in the field. The program is relatively new and has room for accommodating individuals like myself in its line. Leadership in my view is an essential part of any nursing career path. I intend on continuing to develop my leadership skills through ongoing educational pursue and via taking greater positions of responsibility. My current position as a Captain with the United States Army reserves has allowed me to put leadership knowledge into practice. I also feel that the DNP program will further enhance these skills. I see myself as someone with wide and diverse knowledge in advanced practice with the ability to link classroom studies with clinical challenges. I also envision myself with the ability to integrate all the knowledge I will have obtained up to that level into my area of expertise in the health industry. I also believe that I will be able to research into various quarters that have been the cause of discrepancies in the health industry. Besides this, I will be able to cooperate with other fields of the profession to achieve effectiveness as a practioner. Some of the fields that I picture myself working with include administration and education. As I have taken on more responsibilities, I have become more cognizant of some of the problems with our health care system, and I plan to become more active toward creating and influencing a positive change. For example, I plan to advocate and to fight hard to force policy makers to take decisive steps to move today's bureaucracy driven, heavily regulated third-party payment system to a new patient-centered system of consumer choice and real market competition. I also envision myself as a competent manager of health care. This implies that I will have the ability to merge all the legal, ethical and professional requirements and standards during service provision. I believe that I will be able to provide adequate healthcare for all patients that I will deal with. This will be regardless of their background as I am ready to work and have worked with diverse population groupings during my practice. My position as a correctional nurse and a captain with the 6250th medical hospital, has given me the opportunity to work with a variety of patients from many cultures and backgrounds. I feel that this experience has enriched me and has allowed me to provide culturally sensitive care to the patients that I am entrusted to serve. Lastly, I envision my role as one who will be able to deliver changes in the field of healthcare delivery. I intend on doing this by affecting health policies in the industry and changing the attitude of service delivery. Professional experiences that contributed to nursing I will complete my bachelor's degree in nursing from Washington State University in May 2008. I also have a master degree from Chapman University in Clinical Psychology. Before I became a

Grapefruit Interactions with Drugs

Grapefruit Interactions with Drugs What is Grapefruit? Grapefruit, a relative newcomer to citrus clan, has a fascinating history. It is a large orange berry with a thick rind. It is the belief of the most botanists that grapefruit is a naturally occurring accidental hybrid between pomelo and orange. It is believed that, although its appearance is very much different from an ordinary grape, the name ‘grapefruit’ was used because they grow in clusters, and these clusters may seem as large yellow grapes. The original belief was that, the grape fruit is a kind of a pomelo. (1) But in 1837, James Macfayden, separated grapefruit from pomelo, in his Flora of Jamaica, giving it a botanical name, Citrus paradisi. After its hybrid nature was genetically identified, the botanical name was altered to Citrus X paradisi. (1) Nutritional value Grapefruit, like most of the other citrus fruits, is a great source of vitamin C, which helps the immune system. It is advantageous for the fight against, from simple cold to, asthma, rheumatoid fever, osteoarthritis, cancer, heart disease and stroke. (2) Lycopene, which gives grapefruit its red and pink colors, is a carotenoid phytonutrient, with high anti-tumor ability. Also lycopene has the highest capacity among the common dietary carotenoids to fight free radicals. (2) According to the availability of the content of phenolic compounds in the grapefruit juice, it is ranked among the highest in food products of antioxidant activity. (2) Limonoids, another phytonutrient in grapefruit, promotes the formation of glutathione-S-transferase, thus minimizing the tumor formation. Pectins, a form of soluble fiber in grapefruit is useful against the progression of atherosclerosis. (2) Also, the grapefruit juice increases urinary pH value and citric acid excretion, and significantly reduces the formation of calcium oxalate stones, thus minimizing kidney stone formation. (2) Naringenin, a flavonoid concentrated in grapefruit, helps to repair damaged DNA, especially in human prostate cancer cells. 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase and DNA polymerase beta, enzymes are induced by Naringenin, which are useful in DNA base excision repair pathway. (2) Although the nutritional value of grapefruit is highly commended and proved, around a decade ago, scientists found that the availability of oral drugs can be severely reduced by grapefruit food products, especially grapefruit juice. The cytochrome P-450 3A4 system, in the intestine, which is facilitates the first pass metabolism in many drugs, can be inhibited by grapefruit. Also in the brush border of intestinal wall, there are P-glycoprotein pumps. They transport many of the substances used by cytochrome P-450 3A4. This system is also inhibited by grapefruit. Inhibition of both these systems can be dangerous. Because of these, knowledge and awareness of these interactions is massively important. These interactions can lead to severe effects and these interactions can occur very commonly as most of the times, both the drugs and grapefruit food products are used together at breakfast. (3) Mechanism of interaction Cytochrome 3A4 is a member of cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. In the endoplasmic reticulum of cells all over the body, it can be found. It is a heme-containing large multigene family. As oxidative bio-transformation of different exogenous and endogenous substances occurs in liver and intestinal wall, cytochrome P-450 is abundant in those places. In the apical brush border of enterocytes, P-glycoprotein can be found. It is a membrane transporter and a member of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC). Once lipophilic drug is taken into the enterocytes, it is pumped back into the lumen by P-glycoprotein or metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A4. These actions limit the oral delivery of many drugs. With the intake of grapefruit juice, cytochrome P-450 system is inhibited, thus pre-systemic metabolism of drug is decreased and bioavailability of the drug increase. (4) Grapefruit juice causes massive reduction in translation of these enzymes from its m-RNA. However the transcription of m-RNA from DNA is not affected. Grapefruit also promotes the deterioration of these enzymes. These actions together, massively decline the cytochrome P-450 activity in a quick and irreversible manner. A decline of 47% of total levels of cytochrome P-450 3A4 levels can be seen within the four hours of grapefruit juice ingestion. With this decrease, increased bioavailability of the drug can be maintained for about a day. Even after that, for some time, 30% of its effect is still there. (5-7) Some studies indicate that effect on grapefruit juice on cytochrome p-450 3A4 system and P-glycoprotein system are controversial. Means grapefruit juice can activate the P-glycoprotein pumps in vitro in a way (9). This could result in massive efflux of drugs back into the lumen. This is believed to be the cause for diminished bioavailability of some particular substrates, or sometimes this can neutralize the effect of reduced cytochrome P-450 3A4 activity due to ingestion of grapefruit juice. However Digoxin, a prototypical P-glycoprotein substrate, is found as one of the substrates in P-glycoprotein pump, which is not affected by grapefruit juice (8, 10). By both inhibition of function and, down-regulation, grapefruit juice inhibits the function of P-glycoprotein pumps. Example: increased bioavailability of cyclosporine with the grapefruit juice. This is believed to be a result of P-glycoprotein inhibition, other than cytochrome P-450 3A4, since the increase of bioavailability, produced by reduced enterocyte cytochrome P-450 3A4 concentrations, are tend to differ than the obtained results (8). MRP2 (multi-drug resistant protein 2) an associated P-glycoprotein efflux protein, has also shown its inhibition of action, with the ingestion of grapefruit juice (11). In spite of all the acquired knowledge, researchers still further investigate the grapefruit and drug interactions. In vivo effect of grapefruit juice on P-glycoprotein is an area believed to be needed to investigate further more. OATPs or organic anion-transporting polypeptides also said to be potently inhibited by grapefruit juice. In the small intestine, they are involved in the process of apical to basal transport of drugs (8, 10, and 12). The knowledge and conclusions obtained with the studies carried out in vitro cytochrome P-450 3A4 inhibition by grapefruit, the likelihood of these interactions happening in a natural way (the ingestion of grapefruit food products) can be predicted. It is also believed that the reported ethnic differences and the activity of the cytochrome P-450 3A4 could be because of the dietary differences, such as consumption of grapefruit. All in all, because of the potential of grapefruit and grapefruit related food items to interact with drugs, intake of grapefruit should be carefully monitored, in order to maintain necessary drug concentrations within the body of a patient, within the therapeutic windows. Phytochemistry Another aspect that the researchers are still thoroughly studying on is knowledge about active constituents in grapefruit juice in the molecular level, which can interfere and act on P-glycoprotein pumps and cytochrome P-450 systems. Although these studies are not extensively studied or completely proven, they indicate various molecules that take part in the drug interaction process. Flavonoid glycosides such as naringin, naringinin, hesperidin, neohespiridin, narirutin, quercetin, and didymin are some of substances responsible. Also, sesquiterpen and furanocoumarins (such as 6,7-dihydroxybergamottin) are also responsible (3, 14-16). Naringin is the most abundant flavonoid contained in the grapefruit juice. Also the flavonoids in the grapefruit exist as glycosides. After ingestion, the actions of intestinal flora convert these to sugars and aglycones. These compounds can inhibit the cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Theoretically, it is believed that electron rich polyphenolic nature of these compounds is responsible for that. Most studies show the in vitro effect of these compounds on cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. But in vivo, researchers have not yet completely proven or identified their effects on cytochrome enzyme system (17). Naringinin, which is a metabolite of naringin, has a higher activity in vitro, although naringin has no visible effect. This leads to a complication and some suspicion among researchers that flavonoids may not be the main active substance in grapefruit, which is responsible for the whole drug interaction dilemma. Even though with all these debates, due to very high concentration of these compounds in grapefruit juice and the fact naringin is present only in grapefruit among the fruits in citrus clan, quest for flavonoids still continues. Recent researchers are mostly focusing on furanocoumarins. Main furanocoumarins are bergomottin and its derivative 6,7-dihydroxybergomottin(DHB)(18). Debates still going on about the extent of effect these compounds on interaction mechanism certain studies have shown that DHB and, to an average amount bergamottin are vital contributors of grapefruit-drug interaction process (18, 19). In one particular study, furanocoumarins, DHB and four others, mixed and tested. The inhibitory potency on cytochrome enzyme systems declinedeven when any one of these compounds taken out from the mixture, not just DHB. That created a complication. There are even studies supporting that perhaps DHB and bergomattin may not be the primary compounds in the inhibition process (20). With all these facts this idea also still in the process of intense research and suspicion. Drug-Grapefruit interactions Amiodarone and anti-hypertensive drugs 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists are used mostly for patients with angina pectoris and also for patients with essential hypertension. They are lipid soluble drugs, metabolized by cytochrome P-450 3A4 in vivo, and grapefruit juice can affect its bioavailability. Intensive study and research began with the effects of grapefruit juice with felodipine, another calcium channel blocker and an anti-hypertensive drug. It was found that when grapefruit juice is ingested, oral bioavailability of these drugs can increase by 112% (21). Furthermore it demonstrates that intra-venous pharmacokinetics of felodipine remains without a significant change with the grapefruit juice ingestion (21). Also the interaction frequency gradually increases with the increased grapefruit juice ingestion. Because of these reasons, it is recommended that interval of 2-3 days between administration of felodipine and ingestion of grapefruit juice. The elderly specially should be warned about this situation. Amioderone is used for cardiac arrhythmias. It is converted into N-desethylamioderone by cytochrome P-450 3A4. With the ingestion and interaction with grapefruit juice, N-desethyl amioderone production inhibits almost completely, with an overall decline in side effects produced by amiodarone (8). Furthermore benzothiazepine calcium channel antagonist diltiazem, nisoldipine, verapamil, ACE inhibitors like enalapril and aptopril also said to have effect with grapefruit juice interaction. Benzodiazepines and CNS drugs Midazolam is a drug of benzodiazepine class used for acute seizures for inducing sedation and in insomnia. Certain studies have proven that grapefruit juice has a great effect on first-pass metabolism, which reduces the metabolism efficiency badly and increase its bioavailability (22). Clinical importance is that especially for the patients with cirrhosis of the liver, intestine metabolism of cytochrome P-450 3A4 is vital. So the ingestion of grapefruit juice has to be avoided. Another use of midazolam is in pediatric dentistry. Oral midazolam is very commonly used for this. There have been incidents that because of the bitter taste acquired with the administration of oral midazolam, patients tend to take sweetened food items, sometimes grapefruit. If grapefruit was taken in after administration of oral midazolam, blood plasma midazolam levels can increase and patient may tend to have exaggerated seduction time. Triazolamand clozapine are some other drugs that can also affect. Antimicrobials Indinavir is commonly used to treat HIV in highly active antiretroviral therapy. It is a protease inhibitor. There are reports showing that ingestion of grapefruit juice can delay indinavir absorption with the increase of gastric pH, but it does not affect systemic bioavailability (23). It is believed, because primary metabolism may not take place in the intestine. Saquinavir is also another drug used for patients with HIV. It is also a protease inhibitor. It is shown that the ingestion of grapefruit juice can increase the bioavailability of saquinavir (24). Although it increased the bioavailability, the clearance of the drug won’t change. This could be an indication that inhibition of cytochrome P-450 3A4 is affected. Theoretically, because of the dose dependent nature of the saquinavir, it is possible that effectiveness can increase with the inhibition of cytochrome P-450 3A4. Artemether an anti-malarial drug, also shown its increasing oral bioavailability, when grapefruit juice is ingested. But its time dependent reduction of bioavailability does not affect by grapefruit (25). This could indicate the importance of cytochrome P-450 3A4 in the pre-systemic metabolism. Quinine, a natural drug used in broad range of aspects, seemed to be does not affected by grapefruit juice. It is because it is primarily metabolized in the liver. (Where inhibition of cytochrome P-450 3A4 with grapefruit mainly effect on the gut)(8) Its low clearance is also helpful for this. Furthermore in antibiotics, clarithromycin, show increased time for reach for its peak concentration, but pharmacokinetics seemed to be unaffected (26). While abendazole, an anti-parasitic, shows an increased bioavailability with the ingestion of grapefruit juice (27). Chemotherapeutics Cyclosporine is a widely used immunosuppressant drugs, used in organ transplants. Studies have shown that cyclosporine and its metabolites both show rapid increase in their concentrations in plasma, when grapefruit juice was administered (28). Anti-histamines and serotonin analogues Cisapride is a drug that increases the motility of the upper GI tract. It is a serotonin receptor agonist. Studies have shown that cisapride systemic bioavailability gradually increases with the administration of grapefruit juice (29), because of the inhibition of cytochrome P-450 3A4. Therefore it’s advisable, that the patients who are taking cisapride, especially with a risk of cardiac arrhythmias, should avoid drinking grapefruit juice. Terfenadine, anti-histamine, also show increased system bioavailability when grapefruit juice is taken in (30). This also play an important role, because in an electrocardiogram, increased systemic levels of terfenadine can prolong the QT interval. Statins and cholesterol-lowering drugs Simvastatin, a cholesterol lowering drug, also shown increased serum concentrations when grapefruit juice is taken (31). Also its active metabolite simvastatin acid levels and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors also increase. Active metabolites of the grapefruit juice, Bergamottin and Naringenin are said to be responsible for this. It is also carried out from the inhibition of cytochrome P-450 3A4 and thus limiting the first pass metabolism in small intestine. Lovastatin, another cholesterol reducing drug said to have same effects as simvastatin, when the grapefruit juice is administered. Serum concentrations of lovastatin and its active metabolite lovastatin acid seem to be elevated. By the same mechanism, prevention of first pass metabolism in the small intestine by inhibiting cytochrome P-450 3A4. Conclusion Because of the vast difference of effects given by grapefruit-drug interactions, and its effects on pharmacokinetics, physicians should be vigilant about the whole procedure. And also warn their patients about the possible consequences which can happen in a drug-grapefruit interaction. Patient-to-patient variability, mostly the age of the patient, should be thoroughly remembered. And the elderly should be warned especially as they are more prone to the grapefruit-drug interactions (8). Also the knowledge about these interactions can be used for the advantage of the physician. Example: to lower the dosage. Still, because all these are mostly in a research level and safe procedures should always be followed as patients safety is the top priority.

Movie Essays - Romanticism in the Film Version of The Big Sleep

Romanticism in the Film Version of The Big Sleep      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Raymond Chandler's novel The Big Sleep, he presents two sisters, Vivian and Carmen. These women become the central characters, aside from Philip Marlowe, and they control much of the action in the novel. The 1946 film version of The Big Sleep, however, manipulates Chandler's characters considerably. Aside from playing with the dialogue of the novel, the screen-writers change the very essences of Vivian and Carmen. Perhaps it is the casting of the film which forces changes from the novel, or perhaps the Production Code keeps the writers from developing the women in the way that Chandler does; either way, the film version of The Big Sleep makes the story romantic and often cliche.    Vivian and Carmen, sisters, are presented by Chandler as psychotic and dangerous women. Vivian, is described in detective Philip Marlowe's thoughts as "tall and rangy and strong-looking...Her hair was black and wiry and parted in the middle and she had the hot black eyes of the portrait in the hall"(Chandler 17). She is cool and manipulative, instantly suspicious of Marlowe's presence in her world, and she plays her suspicions off as insults. When she meets Marlowe, she says, "So you're a private detective,...I didn't know they really existed, except in books. Or else they were greasy little men snooping around hotels"(Chandler 18). Marlowe plays right back at her, countering every snide remark with one of his own. When Vivian tells Marlowe she doesn't like his manners, his response is,    I'm not crazy about yours...I didn't ask to see you. You sent for me. I don't mind your ritzing me or drinking your lunch out of a Scotch bottle...I don't mind if you ... ...ynamic together, the script is allowed to be less than what the novel created. This is exactly what happened with The Big Sleep. Marlowe and Vivian took a backseat to Bogart and Bacall. The sisters, Vivian and Carmen, had to be altered to create the effect of romance and intrigue. There was really no other way to go within the restrictions of the Production Code, as Carmen couldn't be played up to her full potential, so the director took Vivian and made her the leading lady. The essences that Chandler created for these two women were dynamically altered for the film in order to create two women without the demons or psychoses that he had intended.    Works Cited    Chandler, Raymond. The Big Sleep. New York: Random House, 1939. "Memorable Quotes from Big Sleep, The (1946)." IMDB. Internet. Accessed: April 1999. Address: http://us.imdb.com/